Born on this day – Victor Young:

Victor Young

Composer

Violinist

Actor

August 8, 1899 – November 10, 1956

Credits:

7th Heaven (2001); 44 Inch Chest (2009); $1000 a Touchdown (1939); A Close Call for Boston Blackie (1946); A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949); A Doctor's Diary (1937); A Good Man in Africa (1994); A Grande Família: O Filme (2007); A Mail Bride (1932); A Man Alone (1955); A Man of No Importance (1994); A Medal for Benny (1945); A Millionaire for Christy (1951); A Night at Earl Carroll's (1940); A Night at the Roxbury (1998); A Perilous Journey (1953); A Place in the Sun (1951); A Strange Adventure (1956); A Woman's Devotion (1956); About Mrs. Leslie (1954); About Time (2013); Accused of Murder (1956); Affair in Reno (1957); After Midnight with Boston Blackie (1943); Alaska Seas (1954); Alias Billy the Kid (1946); Alison Moyet: Love Letters (1987); All of You (2024); All That Jazz (1979); All the Way (2003); All Women Have Secrets (1939); Aloha Summer (1988); Aloma of the South Seas (1941); Ambulance (2017); Ambush (1939); American Idol (2002–2006); American Masters (1997); And Now Tomorrow (1944); And the Angels Sing (1944); Andere Zeiten - Andere Sitten (1967); Anna palaa (1987); Anything Can Happen (1952); Anything Goes (1936); Apache Ambush (1955); Appointment with Danger (1950); Arbitrage (2012); Arise, My Love (1940); Arizona (1940); Army Girl (1938); Around the World in 80 Days (1956); Artist and Models (1937); Away from It All (1979); Bajo las estrellas (2007); Bandits of the West (1953); Bandstand (1961–1966); Barbed Wire (1952); Battle Cry (1955); Beach House (1977); Beau James (1957); Belle Le Grand (1951); Betty Boop's Rise to Fame (1934); Beverly Hills Cop III (1994); Beyond Glory (1948); Beyond the Blue Horizon (1942); Billy the Kid Returns (1938); Bing Presents Oreste (1956); Bitter & Twisted (2008); Black Book (2006); Black Eagle (1948); Blackbeard, the Pirate (1952); Blazing Across the Pecos (1948); Blue Canadian Rockies (1952); Blue Montana Skies (1939); Blue Velvet (1986); Bob Crosby and His Orchestra (1938); Bodyhold (1949); Bomb Girls (2012); Born to the West (1937); Boston (2009); Boys Town (1938); Brave Warrior (1952); Breakfast on Pluto (2005); Breaking the Ice (1938); Bride of Vengeance (1949); Bright Leaf (1950); Bring on the Girls (1945); Broadway Highlights No. 1 (1935); Bros (2022); Buck Benny Rides Again (1940); Buckaroo Sheriff of Texas (1951); Buckskin Frontier (1943); Bulldog Drummond at Bay (1947); Bulldog Drummond Comes Back (1937); Bulldog Drummond's Peril (1938); Bulldog Drummond's Secret Police (1939); Bullfighter and the Lady (1951); BumtsiBum! (2021); Buy Me That Town (1941); Cadets on Parade (1942); Calcutta (1946); California (1947); Call the Midwife (2012); Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018); Canadian Idol (2005); Canadian Mounties vs. Atomic Invaders (1953); Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business (1995); Carolina Cannonball (1955); Carolina Moon (1940); Carpenters: Interpretations - A 25th Anniversary Celebration (1995); Carrie Fisher: Wishful Drinking (2010); Casino (1995); Caught in the Draft (1941); Céline Dion & Clive Griffin: When I Fall in Love (1993); Champagne Waltz (1937); Change Nothing (2009); Chicago Deadline (1949); Child of Manhattan (1933); China (1943); China Gate (1957); Chinese Coffee (2000); Cinema Falado (1986); City of Shadows (1955); City That Never Sleeps (1953); Claire Dolan (1998); Cocoanut Grove (1938); College Swing (1938); Colorado (1940); Colorado Pioneers (1945); Colorado Sunset (1939); Colt Comrades (1943); Come Back to the 5 & Dime Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982); Come on, Leathernecks! (1938); Come on, Rangers! (1938); Confess, Fletch (2022); Covered Wagon Days (1940); Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989); Crimes of Passion: Death of a Loved One (2013); Crossing Jordan (2002); Dancing on a Dime (1940); Dancing with the Stars (2008–2012); Daredevils of the West (1943); Dark Command (1940); Dark Horse (2011); Days of Buffalo Bill (1946); Death of a Champion (1939); Desert of Lost Men (1951); Designed for Women (1949–1951); Detective Story (1951); Diva (2006); Dlaczego nie! (2007); Domestic Disturbance (2001); Don Daredevil Rides Again (1951); Doomed Caravan (1941); Double or Nothing (1937); Down in 'Arkansaw' (1938); Down Laredo Way (1953); Down to You (2000); Dream Girl (1948); Drum Beat (1954); Duck Amuck (1953); DuckTales (1987); Due South (1996); Duel at Apache Wells (1957); Duffy's Tavern (1945); EastEnders (1989–2008); Easy Living (1937); Easy to Take (1936); Ebb Tide (1937); El Paso Stampede (1953); Elvis: The Last 24 Hours (2005); Enkelin silmin - 10-vuotisjuhlakonsertti (1999); Escape to Paradise (1939); Estradilla: Agents & Elvis (2003); Estradilla: Topi Sorsakoski - kulkukoira (2002); Everything's on Ice (1939); Eye for an Eye (1996); Eyes Wide Shut (1999); Face/Off (1997); Fair Wind to Java (1953); Falling for You (1995); Fallout: New Vegas (2010); False Colors (1943); Fame (1982); Family Ties (2000); Fatal Attraction (1987); Fatal Lady (1936); Federal Man-Hunt (1938); Fighting Thoroughbreds (1939); Fisherman's Wharf (1939); Flame of Youth (1949); Flaming Fury (1949); Flight Nurse (1953); Flirting with Fate (1938); Flying Tigers (1942); Folies Bergère de Paris (1935); For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943); Forced Landing (1941); Forever Female (1953); Forged Passport (1939); Forlorn River (1937); Forty Guns (1957); Four Weddings and a Funeral (2019); Frank Lloyd Wright (1998); Frankie and Johnnie (1936); Frenchman's Creek (1944); Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984); Friendly Neighbors (1940); Frontier Pony Express (1939); General Motors Motorama / TV Special (1955); Geraldine (1953); Ghost Valley Raiders (1940); Ginger & Rosa (2012); Girl from Havana (1940); Glamour Boy (1941); Golden Boy (1939); Golden Earrings (1947); Good Morning, Vietnam (1987); Good Night, and Good Luck. (2005); Good Ol' Freda (2013); Grand Jury Secrets (1939); Grand Ole Opry (1940); Gulliver's Travels (1939); Gun Crazy (1950); Hail the Conquering Hero (1944); Hawaiian Eye (1960–1961); Headline Hunters (1955); Heart of the West (1936); Heartbeat (2007); Hell's Crossroads (1957); Hell's Half Acre (1954); Hell's Island (1955); Henry Aldrich, Editor (1942); Henry and Dizzy (1942); Her Kind of Man (1946); Heritage of the Desert (1939); Heroes of the Saddle (1940); Hidden Gold (1940); Hideaway Girl (1936); Hills of Oklahoma (1950); Hinter Gittern - Der Frauenknast (2004); Hold Back the Dawn (1941); Hold That Blonde! (1945); Hold That Tiger (1940); Home Improvement (1992); Home on the Prairie (1939); Honeychile (1951); Honeymoon in Bali (1939); Hoppy Serves a Writ (1943); Hostages (1943); House of Strangers (1949); Huhtikuu on kuukausista julmin (1983); Hunted Men (1938); I Cover the Underworld (1955); I Love Lucy (1954); I Married a Monster from Outer Space (1958); I Married a Witch (1942); I Stand Accused (1938); I Surrender Dear (1948); I Walk Alone (1947); I Want a Divorce (1940); I Wanted Wings (1941); I Was a Convict (1939); I Was a Prisoner on Devil's Island (1941); Idol (2004 / 2005); Illegal (1932); In Concert with Chris Botti and the Dallas Symphony Orchestra (2021); In Old Caliente (1939); In Old Cheyenne (1941); In Old Monterey (1939); Indian Uprising (1952); Insurance Investigator (1951); Internes Can't Take Money (1937); Iron Mountain Trail (1953); Island of Lost Men (1939); Istanbul (1957); It's a Panic (1932); Jazz Scene at the Ronnie Scott Club (1969); Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2009); Jesse James at Bay (1941); Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951); John Meade's Woman (1937); Johnny Guitar (1954); Jubilee Trail (1954); Junior Army (1942); Just Like a Woman (1992); Juvenile Jungle (1958); Keith Jarrett: Standards (1985); Kesäillan valssi (2004); Killing Them Softly (2012); King Leonardo and His Short Subjects (1961); King of the Carnival (1955); King of the Hill (1993); King of the Wild Horses (1947); Kiss the Boys Goodbye (1941); Kitty (1945); Klondike Annie (1936); Knights of the Range (1940); Knock on Wood (1954); La boîte à musique (2016); Lady Bodyguard (1943); Lady from Louisiana (1941); Las Vegas Nights (1941); Last Night (1963); Last of the Redmen (1947); Law of the Barbary Coast (1949); Law of the Pampas (1939); Leadville Gunslinger (1952); Let's Get Lost (1988); Lightnin' in the Forest (1948); Light's Diamond Jubilee (1954); Little Boy Lost (1953); Living Out Loud (1998); Living Single (1995); Loan Shark (1952); Logan (2017); Lone Star Raiders (1940); Los simuladores (2002); Lost Canyon (1942); Lost Planet Airmen (1951); Love Again (2023); Love Letters (1945); Love on Toast (1937); Love Thy Neighbor (1940); Lumberjack (1944); M*A*S*H (1976); Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973); Maid of Salem (1937); Make Way for Tomorrow (1937); Malaysian Idol (2004); Man About Town (1939); Man of Conquest (1939); Man Wanted (1932); Manhattan Angel (1948); Marshal of Cripple Creek (1947); Masquerade in Mexico (1945); Massacre Mafia Style (1974); Medic (1954–1956); Melinda and Melinda (2004); Melody Magic (1935); Melody Ranch (1940); Metro Movietone Revue (1930); Mexicali Rose (1939); Million Dollar Pursuit (1951); Mills Blue Rhythm Band (1934); Ministry of Fear (1944); Minnie and Moskowitz (1971); Miss Tatlock's Millions (1948); Missing Women (1951); Mona Lisa (1986); Money to Burn (1939); Monsieur Beaucaire (1946); Monty Python's Flying Circus (1973); Moog (2004); Moon Over Burma (1940); Mountain Music (1937); Mountain Rhythm (1943); Movietone Melodies: Red Ingle and His Gang (1950); Mr. Reckless (1948); Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1942); Murder with Pictures (1936); Music in the Sky (1945); Musical Novelties (1945); My American Wife (1936); My Favorite Spy (1951); My Foolish Heart (1949); My Heart Belongs to Daddy (1942); Mystery Man (1944); Mystery Science Theater 3000 (1993–1998); Mystery Sea Raider (1940); Mystery Ship (1941); Nat King Cole's Greatest Songs (2019); Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole: When I Fall in Love (1996); Natural Born Killers (1994); Naval Academy (1941); NDR Jazz Workshops (1959–1965); Nevada City (1941); New Frontier (1939); New York Stories (1989); Night Club Scandal (1937); Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1948); Night in New Orleans (1942); Night of Mystery (1937); No Love in the City (2009); No Man's Woman (1955); No Time for Love (1943); Nocturne (2020); North West Mounted Police (1940); Nothing But the Truth (1941); Of Men and Music (1951); Oklahoma Badlands (1948); Old Oklahoma Plains (1952); Old Overland Trail (1953); Omar Khayyam (1957); Once Upon an Eastertime (1954); One Minute to Zero (1952); One Night in Lisbon (1941); Only Murders in the Building (2024); Oregon Trail Scouts (1947); Our Hearts Were Growing Up (1946); Our Leading Citizen (1939); Our Neighbors - The Carters (1939); Our Very Own (1950); Out of This World (1945); Ozark Jubilee (1960); Pacific Blackout (1941); Paid in Full (1950); Palm Springs (1936); Pals of the Pecos (1941); Pals of the Saddle (1938); Pan Am (2011); Pardners (1956); Parole Fixer (1940); Partners of the Plains (1938); Paternity (1981); Payment on Demand (1951); Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus (1938); Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall (1958–1960); Perry Mason (2020); Person of Interest (2016); Petticoat Junction (1969); Phantom Stallion (1954); Phantom Thread (2017); Pioneer Marshal (1949); Pioneers of the West (1940); Pirates on Horseback (1941); Planet of the Astronauts (2022); Please (1933); Pop Idol (2003); Poppy (1936); Powder River Rustlers (1949); Practically Yours (1944); Prairie Moon (1938); Prairie Pioneers (1941); Pretextos (2008); Pride of Maryland (1951); Pride of the West (1938); Primary Colors (1998); Priorities on Parade (1942); Prison Farm (1938); Prisoners in Petticoats (1950); Professor Beware (1938); Purple Heart Diary (1951); Queen of the Mob (1940); Radar Men from the Moon (1952); Raffles (1939); Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (1952); Rambling 'Round Radio Row #3 (1933); Range War (1939); Reaching for the Sun (1941); Real Haunts 3 (2022); Real Haunts: Ghost Towns (2021); Reap the Wild Wind (1942); Reborn in the USA (2003); Red Betsy (2003); Red River Shore (1953); Red River Valley (1941); Remember Pearl Harbor (1942); Rhythm of the Saddle (1938); Rhythm on the River (1940); Rick Astley: When I Fall in Love (1987); Riders of the Deadline (1943); Ridin' on a Rainbow (1941); Riding High (1943 / 1950); Rio Grande (1950); Road to Mandalay (1991); Road to Morocco (1942); Road to Singapore (1940); Road to Zanzibar (1941); Robin Hood of the Pecos (1941); Rockin' in the Rockies (1945); Rodeo King and the Senorita (1951); Roman Holiday (1953); Romance & Cigarettes (2005); Romance in the Dark (1938); Rope of Sand (1949); Rough Riders' Round-up (1939); Rovin' Tumbleweeds (1939); Run of the Arrow (1957); Sabrina (1995); Saga of Death Valley (1939); Salute for Three (1943); Samson and Delilah (1949); San Antone (1953); San Antone Ambush (1949); Sands of Iwo Jima (1949); Santa Fe Marshal (1940); Saturday Night Live (1983); Scaramouche (1952); Scared Stiff (1953); Sea of Lost Ships (1953); Second Chorus (1940); Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951); Secrets of the Heart (1997); See You in the Morning (1989); September Affair (1950); Sergeant Mike (1944); Seven Hills of Rome (1957); Shadows of Tombstone (1953); Shane (1953 / 1966); Shepherd of the Ozarks (1942); Sheriff of Cimarron (1945); Sheriff of Tombstone (1941); She's a Soldier Too (1944); Shindig! (1964); Short Cut to Hell (1957); Shotgun Slade (1960); Silver City Bonanza (1951); Silver Queen (1942); Sinatra (1969 / 1992); Since I Don't Have You (2013); Sing a Jingle (1944); Skylark (1941); Sleepless in Seattle (1993); Sleepytime Gal (1942); Slipstream (2007); Snow Day (2000); So Evil My Love (1948); Some Like It Hot (1959); Something to Live For (1952); Son of Sinbad (1955); Sonata Julieta (2022); Song of Surrender (1949); Souls at Sea (1937); Sounds of the 80s (2017); South of Rio (1949); South of the Border (1939); South Pacific Trail (1952); Southward Ho! (1939); Speed to Spare (1948); Spendthrift (1936); Spoilers of the Forest (1957); Stagecoach War (1940); Star Spangled Rhythm (1942); Stars in Their Eyes (1991–1994); State of the Union (1948); Stonewall (1995); Straight from the Shoulder (1936); Straight Is the Way (1934); Stranger at My Door (1956); Strapless (1989); Strategic Air Command (1955); Street Bandits (1951); Street of Missing Men (1939); Streets of Laredo (1949); Strictly Come Dancing (2013–2015); Submarine Raider (1942); Suburbicon (2017); Suddenly It's Spring (1947); Suklaasydän (1991); Sullivan's Travels (1941); Sunburn (1979); Sunset in Wyoming (1941); Sunset on the Desert (1942); Sunset Trail (1938); Suomalainen elokuvaohjaaja: Peter von Bagh (2010); Sweater Girl (1942); Sweet and Lowdown (1999); Sweet Sue (1945); Swing High, Swing Low (1937); Tähdet, tähdet (2014); Take a Letter, Darling (1942); Talking It Over (1930); Tanga-Tika (1953); Tangomarkkinat (1993–1999); Target Tokyo (1945); Teenage Babylon (1989); Television Spy (1939); Television Theater (2000); Terms of Endearment (1983); Terror at Midnight (1956); Terror Trail (1946); Texas (1941); Texas Masquerade (1944); Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940); Texas Terrors (1940); Thank You for Smoking (2005); That Goes Double (1933); The 29th Annual Academy Awards (1957); The 7th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards (1955); The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971); The Accused (1949); The Accusing Finger (1936); The Adventures of Martin Eden (1942); The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1960); The Anthem of the Heart (2015); The Arizona Cowboy (1950); The Arthur Haynes Show (1961); The Beales of Grey Gardens (2006); The Bette Midler Show (1976); The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936); The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1938); The Big Clock (1948); The Blonde Bandit (1949); The Blue Dahlia (1946); The Blues (2003); The Bold and the Beautiful (2002); The Bold Frontiersman (1948); The Brave One (1956); The Bugs Bunny/Road-Runner Movie (1979); The Buick Circus Hour (1952–1953); The Buster Keaton Story (1957); The Butcher's Wife (1991); The Carpenters at Christmas (1977); The Carpenters: Music, Music, Music (1980); The Carpenters: When I Fall in Love (1980); The Carson City Kid (1940); The Conqueror (1956); The Country Girl (1954); The Court Jester (1955); The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963); The Cowboy and the Indians (1949); The Crime Doctor's Diary (1949); The Crooked Web (1955); The Crossing (1990); The Crystal Ball (1943); The Dakota Kid (1951); The Dancer and the Thief (2009); The Danny Thomas Show (1958); The Day of the Locust (1975); The Dean Martin Show (1968); The Deuce (2017); The Devil Commands (1941); The Devil's Mask (1946); The Dick Van Dyke Show (1964); The Ed Sullivan Show (1949–1954); The Emperor Waltz (1948); The Fabelmans (2022); The Farmer's Daughter (1940); The Fighting Chance (1955); The File on Thelma Jordon (1949); The Fireball (1950); The Firm (1993); The Fleet's In (1942); The Forest Rangers (1942); The Gentleman Misbehaves (1946); The Ghost Breakers (1940); The Girl from Missouri (1934); The Gladiator (1938); The Glass Key (1942); The Go!! Show (1966); The Gracie Allen Murder Case (1939); The Great John L. (1945); The Great Man's Lady (1941); The Great Moment (1944); The Greatest Show on Earth (1952); The Imperfect Lady (1946); The Jack Benny Program (1950–1964); The Joey Bishop Show (1964); The Kansan (1943); The Kansas Terrors (1939); The Last Post (2017); The Lawrence Welk Show (1969–1972); The Leather Saint (1956); The Left Hand of God (1955); The Lemon Drop Kid (1951); The Light of Western Stars (1940); The Light That Failed (1939); The Llano Kid (1939); The Lone Wolf Takes a Chance (1941); The Long Day Closes (1992); The Lucky Stiff (1949); The Mad Doctor (1940); The Major and the Minor (1942); The Mantrap (1943); The Mark of Beauty (2013); The Marrying Man (1991); The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2018); The Master (2012); The Maverick Queen (1956); The Milky Way (1936); The Milton Berle Show (1955–1956); The Missing Person (2009); The Morecambe & Wise Show (1971); The Mummy (1932); The Muppet Show (1980); The Nat King Cole Show (1956); The Nebraskan (1953); The Night of January 16th (1941); The Night of Nights (1939); The Nutty Professor (1963); The Old Man of the Mountain (1933); The Outlaw (1943); The Pacific (2010); The Paleface (1948); The Palm Beach Story (1942); The Phantom Stagecoach (1957); The Plot Against America (2020); The Prince and Me (2004); The Princess Comes Across (1936); The Proud and Profane (1956); The Quarterback (1940); The Quiet Man (1952); The Racket Man (1944); The Ranger and the Lady (1940); The Remarkable Andrew (1942); The Return of Sophie Lang (1936); The Round Up (1941); The Search for Bridey Murphy (1956); The Searching Wind (1946); The Sign of the Cross (1932); The Singing Hill (1941); The Sound of Petula (1974); The Star (1952); The Stars Are Singing (1953); The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944); The Story of Will Rogers (1952); The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953); The Strawberry Roan (1948); The Sun Shines Bright (1953); The Tall Men (1955); The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009); The Trail Blazers (1940); The Trap (1959); The Trouble with Women (1947); The Tulsa Kid (1940); The Turning Point (1952); The Uninvited (1944); The Unwritten Code (1944); The Vagabond King (1956); The Vanishing American (1955); The Vicar of Dibley (1998); The Way of All Flesh (1940); The Week Of (2018); The Wild Blue Yonder (1951); The Wild Frontier (1947); The Wonder Years (1989); The Wrecking Crew! (2008); The X Factor UK (2004); The Zero Hour (1939); They All Laughed (1981); They Live in Fear (1944); They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969); This Is My Moment (2001); Those Were the Days! (1940); Three Coins in the Fountain (1954); Three Faces West (1940); Three Men from Texas (1940); Three Texas Steers (1939); Three's a Crowd (1932); Thrill of a Lifetime (1937); Thunder Over Arizona (1956); Thunderbirds (1952); Thunderhoof (1948); Timberjack (1955); To Each His Own (1946); Top of the Pops (1966); Torch Song (1993); Tornado - En tittarstorm (1993); Toughest Man in Arizona (1952); Trader Tom of the China Seas (1954); Três Irmãs (2008–2009); Trial Without Jury (1950); Trouble in the Glen (1954); True Detective (2019); True to Life (1943); True to the Army (1942); Tu cara me suena (2018); Tudo Bem (1978); Tulisuudelma (1992); Turn Off the Moon (1937); Two Years Before the Mast (1946); Typhoon (1940); U-Boat Prisoner (1944); Un día volveré (1993); Unconquered (1947); Undercover Doctor (1939); Union Pacific (1939); Union Station (1950); Untamed (1940); Utah Wagon Train (1951); Vaudeville (1934); Vertigo (1958); Vigilantes of Boomtown (1947); Village Barn Dance (1940); Virginia (1941); Visit to a Small Planet (1960); Vitaphone Internationals (1936); Vivement dimanche (2014); Vogues of 1938 (1937); Wagon Team (1952); Waikiki Wedding (1937); Wall Street Cowboy (1939); Watching (1988); Way Down South (1939); Wells Fargo (1937); West Point Widow (1941); Western Jamboree (1938); When Gangland Strikes (1956); When I Fall in Love (1951 / 1986); When the Redskins Rode (1951); Where the Boys Are (1960); Where There's Life (1947); While You Were Away (2019); Whirlwind (1951); Whispers in the Dark (1992); Wide Open Town (1941); Widows (2018); Wild Money (1937); Wild Wife (1954); Winning of the West (1953); Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty (2022); Woman in the Dark (1952); Woman They Almost Lynched (1953); Women from Headquarters (1950); Women Without Names (1940); World Premiere (1941); Written on the Wind (1956); Wrongfully Accused (1998); Wyoming Outlaw (1939); You Came Along (1945); Young and Willing (1943); Young Buffalo Bill (1940); Zombies of the Stratosphere (1952); Zorro's Black Whip (1944).